On Earth, water cycles through the atmosphere, oceans, land, and organisms. By what process does most of the water in plants return to the environment?

Use the information and the figure below to answer the following.

The diagram below shows a colony of prokaryotes and a single-celled eukaryote. The eukaryote contains organelles that resemble the three types of bacteria found in the colony of prokaryotes. More than a billion years ago, bacteria like these may have joined other prokaryotes to form colonies of cells. Researchers think that these once free-living prokaryotes became the organelles of modern-day eukaryotes.

One of the organelles in the eukaryote releases energy from sugars. What is this process called?

In a recent experiment, scientists studied the effects of increased carbon dioxide levels on the growth of pine trees. The scientists observed that increased levels of carbon dioxide resulted in an increase in the average circumference of the tree trunks. The change in circumference is a result of the process of

Use the information and the table below to answer the following.

Elodea, a freshwater plant, releases gas bubbles when it is placed in direct light. In an investigation, a student placed a lamp at different distances from an aquarium containing Elodea. The student counted the number of bubbles produced by the Elodea plant. His data are shown in the table below.

What energy source is used by Elodea?

Use the information and the table below to answer the following.

Elodea, a freshwater plant, releases gas bubbles when it is placed in direct light. In an investigation, a student placed a lamp at different distances from an aquarium containing Elodea. The student counted the number of bubbles produced by the Elodea plant. His data are shown in the table below.

The bubbles released by Elodea contain mostly

Cardinals are birds that spend the winter in Maryland. Many people feed them sunflower seeds during the winter months. Some of the carbohydrates in the cardinal's diet come from these seeds. Describe

• the building blocks of carbohydrates
• how the sunflowers produce carbohydrates
• how carbohydrates are used by living organisms

Write your answer in your Answer Book.

The diagram below shows part of the carbon cycle. Use the diagram to answer the following.

Which of these would lead to an increase in carbon dioxide in the atmosphere?

The diagram below shows part of the carbon cycle.

During photosynthesis, trees convert carbon dioxide and other materials to

Scientists have recently discovered a new species that lives attached to the side of a tree. An organism from this new species

• is multicellular
• has cell walls
• has vascular tissues
• makes its own food
• has structures that absorb moisture from the air

The scientists put the organism in a sealed glass container and placed it in the sunlight for several hours. Which of these increased inside the container?

The energy required for photosynthesis is provided by

How is carbon related to the flow of energy between the environment and organisms?

• Name the carbon compound that is exchanged between plants and their environment.
• Describe how plants use carbon from the atmosphere to create more complex molecules.
• Describe how animals that eat plants change these molecules and return carbon to the atmosphere.

Write your answer in your Answer Book.

Nitrogen compounds are a part of all organisms. What happens to the nitrogen in an organism after it dies?

The global water cycle consists of water circulating among the land, the atmosphere, the oceans, and organisms. Trees get most of their water directly from

A group of students separated 16 bean plants into four equal groups. They exposed each group to a different number of hours of light. The table below shows the amount of light each group of bean plants received. All other conditions were kept the same.

The students measured the total leaf surface area of each plant once a day for two weeks.

Which of these processes were the students most likely studying?

A group of students separated 16 bean plants into four equal groups. They exposed each group to a different number of hours of light. The table below shows the amount of light each group of bean plants received. All other conditions were kept the same.

The students measured the total leaf surface area of each plant once a day for two weeks.

Which plant group will most likely have the greatest total leaf surface area after two weeks?

Deep sea bacteria live at ocean depths too great for light to reach. These bacteria make their own food. Which of these is the source of energy for the bacteria?

Which of these statements about photosynthesis and respiration is true?

Some types of bacteria live deep in the ocean where sunlight cannot reach. These bacteria use the energy stored in inorganic molecules to make sugars.

Which of these processes do the bacteria use to produce sugars?

Use the information and the graph below to answer the following item.

A group of students measured the volume of air they exhaled during three different activities: sitting, walking, and running. The volume of exhaled air is directly related to the amount of carbon dioxide produced. The data the students collected are summarized in the graph below.

Which of these processes produces carbon dioxide?

Some bacteria live in habitats without light. They produce their own food using inorganic substances from the environment.

Which of these terms best describes this process?

Use the information below to answer Numbers 15 and 16.

Use the information below to answer the following item.

The water quality of the Chesapeake Bay is measured by the Chesapeake Bay Water Quality Monitoring Program. Scientists measure the salinity, temperature, pH, and oxygen levels to help determine the health of the Bay. Healthy water also contains appropriate amounts of nutrients. Monitoring water quality helps communities make decisions about the Bay.

Measuring oxygen levels of the Bay provides scientists with information about which process?

Use the information below to answer Numbers 43 and 44.

Use the information below to answer the following item.

In an ocean environment, marine life is most abundant in the euphotic zone. This zone extends from the surface waters to a depth of 200 meters, the deepest depth that sunlight can reach. It is in this range that phytoplankton capture energy from the sun. Although they are microscopic organisms, phytoplankton are the foundation that supports the marine food web.

Through which process do phytoplankton use energy from the sun to make their food?

Which of the following pairs of materials is required for a cell to carry on respiration?

All living things need nitrogen. The nitrogen gas in Earth’s atmosphere must be changed into ammonia before most living things can use it. Which of these organisms can change nitrogen gas into ammonia?

In deep ocean trenches, bacteria produce organic materials from inorganic compounds through the process of