Scientists have recently discovered a new species that lives attached to the side of a tree. An organism from this new species

• is multicellular
• has cell walls
• has vascular tissues
• makes its own food
• has structures that absorb moisture from the air

Which of these terms best describes this new organism?

Biologists have discovered an animal called a cloudrunner, shown in the figure below.

Biologists are now trying to determine the cloudrunner's evolutionary relationship to other animals.

• What kinds of evidence and scientific techniques could the biologists use to determine the evolutionary relationship of the cloudrunner to other animals?
• How does this evidence demonstrate evolutionary relationships between the cloudrunner and other animals?

Write your answer in your Answer Book.

Use the information and the table below to answer the following.

Mammals, birds, modern reptiles, and theropod dinosaurs are vertebrates. The table below shows some of the differences and similarities among these groups of vertebrates.

According to the table, which of these vertebrates are most closely related?

Which of these is not a use for DNA fingerprinting?

Scientists are studying how four species of deer are related. The scientists believe that Species 1 is the common ancestor. The four species have some traits in common. They also have traits that are unique to their species.

Scientists used the process of gel electrophoresis to study the relatedness of the four deer species. The results of their gel electrophoresis study are shown below.

Describe how three species of deer evolved from the common ancestor. In your response, be sure to

• identify which species is most closely related to the common ancestor; explain your answer using the results of their gel electrophoresis
• identify and describe the process that leads to the development of different species
• explain what factors affect this process in the deer species

Write your answer in your Answer Book.

Scientists have recently discovered hydrothermal vent communities on the ocean floor. A diagram of a hydrothermal vent community is shown in the figure below.

The organisms in this community live near heated vents. Inorganic compounds such as sulfides mix with extremely hot water when they are released from the vents. Bacteria use the sulfides to make food for themselves and other animals. Many of these bacteria live in the bodies of the giant tubeworms and the giant white clams that live in this community.

The bacteria that live in the bodies of the giant tubeworms and the giant white clams are classified as

Part of the food web in Yellowstone National Park is shown below.

Gray wolves were reintroduced into Yellowstone National Park in 1995. Two years later, the population of coyotes had decreased by 50%. Coyotes were found in all habitats of the park before the gray wolves were reintroduced. Now, coyotes are most often found in the hills and mountains.

Coyotes and gray wolves have a high degree of relatedness. Which of these best describes why the two species are closely related?

A researcher recently discovered a species of bacteria. DNA sequences were obtained from it and from several other species of bacteria. The DNA sequences came from the same part of the bacterial chromosome of each species.

According to the data above, the unknown bacteria are most closely related to which species?

Scientists have found many similarities in the proteins of turtles and sharks. These similarities suggest that turtles and sharks

Students used the three organisms shown below to study evolutionary relationships.

Which of these structures are the best evidence of an evolutionary relationship?

The figure below shows the skeletal structure of a seal's flipper and a monkey's arm.

The skeletal structures of the flipper and the arm are similar, even though they have different functions. Seals use their flippers for swimming, while monkeys use their arms primarily for grasping and lifting.

Which of these explains why the skeletal structures of the seal's flipper and the monkey's arm are similar?

The skull of a modern bird, the herring gull, is shown below.

Which of the vertebrate skulls shown below is probably most closely related to modern birds?

A researcher is studying raccoons and skunks. She wants to find out how closely these two mammals are related. Which of these characteristics would be best for her to study?

A 125-million-year-old small mammal skeleton was recently discovered in China. The role of this small mammal in its ecosystem can best be determined by comparing its skeleton to

A cell is observed through a microscope. The cell is found to have a cell wall, a cell membrane, and numerous ribosomes. The cell does not have a nucleus. This cell is most likely from a

Students working in a biology laboratory use many tools. Which task is correctly paired with the appropriate tool?

Use the information and the food web below to answer Numbers 28 and 29.

Use the information and the food web below to answer the following item.

Shallow coastal waters provide an essential habitat to a variety of plants and animals. A small part of a coastal food web is shown below.

Which of these characteristics would provide the best evidence to determine if menhaden and striped bass are closely related?

Below are parts of the mitochondrial DNA codes for the American black bear, the giant panda, the red panda, and the raccoon.

Based on this information, which two species are most closely related?

Prokaryotic cells possess all of the following except