Scientists have recently discovered a new species that lives attached to the side of a tree. An organism from this new species

• is multicellular
   
• has cell walls
   
• has vascular tissues
   
• makes its own food
   
• has structures that absorb moisture from the air

Which of these terms best describes this new organism?

Biologists have discovered an animal called a cloudrunner, shown in the figure below.

Biologists are now trying to determine the cloudrunner's evolutionary relationship to other animals.

• What kinds of evidence and scientific techniques could the biologists use to determine the evolutionary relationship of the cloudrunner to other animals?
   
• How does this evidence demonstrate evolutionary relationships between the cloudrunner and other animals?

Mammals, birds, modern reptiles, and theropod dinosaurs are vertebrates. The table below shows some of the differences and similarities among these groups of vertebrates.

According to the table, which of these vertebrates are most closely related?

Which of these is not a use for DNA fingerprinting?

Scientists are studying how four species of deer are related. The scientists believe that Species 1 is the common ancestor. The four species have some traits in common. They also have traits that are unique to their species.

Scientists used the process of gel electrophoresis to study the relatedness of the four deer species. The results of their gel electrophoresis study are shown below.

Describe how three species of deer evolved from the common ancestor. In your response, be sure to

• identify which species is most closely related to the common ancestor; explain your answer using the results of their gel electrophoresis
   
• identify and describe the process that leads to the development of different species
   
• explain what factors affect this process in the deer species
   

Scientists have recently discovered hydrothermal vent communities on the ocean floor. A diagram of a hydrothermal vent community is shown in the figure below.

The organisms in this community live near heated vents. Inorganic compounds such as sulfides mix with extremely hot water when they are released from the vents. Bacteria use the sulfides to make food for themselves and other animals. Many of these bacteria live in the bodies of the giant tubeworms and the giant white clams that live in this community.

The bacteria that live in the bodies of the giant tubeworms and the giant white clams are classified as

Part of the food web in Yellowstone National Park is shown below.

Gray wolves were reintroduced into Yellowstone National Park in 1995. Two years later, the population of coyotes had decreased by 50%. Coyotes were found in all habitats of the park before the gray wolves were reintroduced. Now, coyotes are most often found in the hills and mountains.

Coyotes and gray wolves have a high degree of relatedness. Which of these best describes why the two species are closely related?

A researcher recently discovered a species of bacteria. DNA sequences were obtained from it and from several other species of bacteria. The DNA sequences came from the same part of the bacterial chromosome of each species.

According to the data above, the unknown bacteria are most closely related to which species?